Introduction
In celebration of Yom Haatzmaut of our beloved Medinat Yisrael, we will
review the major points of the debate whether one should recite Hallel
on Yom Haatzmaut. We will discuss some of the major Talmudic sources
that have been the focus of this debate. Rav Ovadia Yosef’s
Teshuvot Yabia Omer (Orach Chaim 6:41) is an invaluable resource for
both sides of the debate on this issue and serves as the basis for much
of this essay.
We
should note that there is no definitive position regarding this issue.
Refraining from Hallel is not the best option. The Gemara (Sanhedrin
94a) strongly reprimands King Chizkiyahu for failing to recite Hallel
upon the miraculous defeat of Sancheirev, the king of Assyria. In fact,
the Gemara states that Chizkiyahu was a serious candidate to be the
Mashiach. He was rejected because of his failure to recite Hallel. On
the other hand, reciting Hallel is also not the best option. The Gemara
(Shabbat 118b) condemns those who recite Hallel every day. Hallel is
reserved for special occasions. The Gemara describes one who does not
reserve Hallel for such occasions as a blasphemer. Accordingly, one
must take a stand on this issue, either to recite Hallel or not to
recite Hallel on Yom Haatzmaut.
Pesachim
117a – The Chanukah Precedent
The Gemara (Pesachim 117a) discusses the source of the obligation to
recite Hallel. The Gemara cites the Sages who stated, “The
prophets instituted the recitation of Hallel at various times of the
year and whenever Jews are redeemed from dire straits.” Rashi
(s.v.Ve’al) adds that Chanukah is an example of reciting
Hallel in celebration of redemption from a crisis. The Meiri (Pesachim
117a) writes that if a miracle happens to an individual or to a
community of Jews, then that community may establish the day of
redemption as a day for reciting Hallel without a Beracha. Only if the
miracle occurred to all Jews, such as Chanukah, may we recite Hallel
with a Beracha. We note, though, that the Rambam and Shulchan Aruch do
not codify this Gemara. The Magen Avraham (686:4) and Mishna Berura
(686:8), however, write that a community is authorized to declare a
“Purim” celebration for all generations on a day
that a miracle occurred. The Chayei Adam (155:41) recounts at length
how he instituted a “Purim” for his family and
future descendents for a miracle that occurred to his family.
Poskim
debate whether Yom Haatzmaut constitutes a miracle for the entire
Jewish community. Some argue that the restoration of the Bait Hamikdash
constitutes redemption for the entire Jewish nation, but that
restoration of Jewish sovereignty over a portion of Eretz Yisrael
redeems only the Jews who reside in Eretz Yisrael. On the other hand,
the fact that Eretz Yisrael is a safe haven for persecuted Jews
worldwide does constitute redemption for all Jews. The fifth day of
Iyar is appropriate to celebrate since it is the day that Jews were
redeemed from having no place to go in times of persecution.
An
Open Miracle? – Maharatz Chiyut to Shabbat 21b
The Maharatz Chiyutz (Shabbat 21b) asserts that we recite Hallel on
Chanukah only because a Neis Nigleh (an blatant miracle) occurred on
that day. He notes that the Gemara, in explaining why we celebrate
Chanukah, mentions the miracle of the oil but does not mention the
military victory of the Hasmoneans. Some therefore argue that Hallel is
inappropriate for Yom Haatzmaut since no blatant miracle occurred
during the establishment of the State of Israel and its War of
Independence. While they acknowledge that many subtle miracles
occurred, they argue that no obvious miracle occurred such as one
day’s supply of oil lasting eight days.
One
may respond, though, that the Al Hanissim prayer presents the military
victory of the Maccabees as the primary reason for celebrating
Chanukah. The Rambam (Hilchot Chanukah 3:1-3) writes that we celebrate
Chanukah for a variety of reasons. These include not only the miracles
of the oil and the military victory, but also that Jewish sovereignty
was restored over Eretz Yisrael for more than two hundred years.
Moreover, the Gemara (Megila 14a) questions why we do not recite Hallel
on Purim. The Gemara presents a variety of answers, but does not offer
the absence of an open miracle in the Purim story as an answer. In
fact, a characterizing feature of Megilat Esther is that it’s
miracles of Megilat Esther were subtle. Many believe that the name of
Hashem does not appear in the Megila because no blatant miracle
occurred. We are able to sense from the progression of events in the
Megila that Hashem quietly orchestrated them. Similarly, one who
studies the history of the State of Israel with a discerning eye (see
Connor Cruise O’Brien’s “The
Siege”) is able to perceive the involvement of the Creator.
Two anecdotes from Israel’s War of Independence illustrate
this point. A father of a friend of mine recalls that when he was sent
to battle he was given only one bullet. His commanding officer
instructed him to use it well. Rav Yehuda Amital (Rosh Yeshiva of
Yeshivat Har Etzion) recalls that when he enlisted to join the army, he
was assigned the rank of an officer. They told him that since he knew
how to shoot a gun, he is qualified to serve as an officer. These
stories typify the desperate situation that we faced in the War of
Independence. We emerged victorious because of Hashem’s
guiding hand.
Many
claim that this constitutes sufficient reason to recite Hallel on Yom
Haatzmaut. Rav Amital has stated many times that even if one does not
believe it is appropriate to recite Hallel on Yom Haatzmaut, he should
find some vehicle for expressing thanks to Hashem for granting us
Medinat Yisrael. Rav Yehuda Henkin of Jerusalem suggests using the
Ve’hee She’amda section of the Pesach Hagada as an
opportunity to thank Hashem for Medinat Yisrael. Medinat Yisrael saves
us from our oppressors who arise in every generation. Hashem will also
save Medinat Yisrael from it’s current oppressors.
Successes
and Failures of Medinat Yisrael
Many note that although we are grateful to Hashem for giving us Medinat
Yisrael, we must acknowledge the shortcomings of Medinat Yisrael.
Besides the chronic (and current acute) security problems, there are
spiritual shortcomings. Rav Ovadia Hadaya (Teshuvot Yaskil Avdi O.C.
10:7) rules that Hallel should not be recited on Yom Haatzmaut because
of the unstable security situation. Instead, he suggests reciting the
chapters of Hallel (omitting the Beracha) after the completion of
Tefillah. Rav Ovadia Yosef relates that Rav Zvi Pesach Frank did not
recite Hallel on Yom Haatzmaut in his Bait Midrash because of the
security problems and the spiritual shortcomings of the nation.
Moreover, the Chazon Ish (Letters of the Chazon Ish, number 97) writes
that it is inappropriate for this generation, with all of its spiritual
flaws, to institute new practices. The Chazon Ish wrote this in
connection with establishing Yom Hashoah, and his reasoning applies to
instituting the recitation of Hallel on Yom Haatzmaut.
Nevertheless,
many Gedolim endorse reciting Hallel on Yom Haatzmaut. Rav Meshulem
Roth (Teshuvot Kol Mevaser 21) and Teshuvot Neitzer Mataai (number 36)
rule that Hallel may be recited with a Beracha, while other Gedolim
believe that it should be recited without a Beracha. These Gedolim
include Rav Ovadia Yosef (Teshuvot Yabia Omer 6:O.C. 41), Rav Aharon
Soloveitchik (Gesher, Yeshiva University, 1969), and Rav Yitzchak
Herzog (cited in Teshuvot Yabia Omer 6: O.C. 42).
Rav
Ovadia notes that although we are profoundly disappointed at the
overall spiritual level in Israel, we should appreciate the incredible
growth of Torah study and observance in many sectors of the population.
He writes that Israel has become the world Torah center. We add that
today almost all very serious Halachic questions are referred to the
great Halachic authorities in Israel for adjudication. This constitutes
a sea change relative to the situation that existed in America only two
decades ago.
Some
cite the Halacha (Mishna Berura 219:2) that one recites Birchat Hagomel
only upon full recovery from illness and not partial recovery as
support for omitting Hallel on Yom Haatzmaut. They claim that the
Jewish People have only partially recovered from the illness of the
Holocaust and the Exile and thus it is not yet time to recite Hallel
for the establishment of the State of Israel. Others respond that the
Gemara (Berachot 59b) states that when one hears of his
father’s death, he should recite two Berachot if there is an
inheritance. He recites Dayan Emet upon the death and Shehechiyanu upon
the joy of the inheritance. Halacha appreciates and addresses
complexity and ambivalence. Accordingly, many recite Hallel on Yom
Haatzmaut as well as mourn on Tisha B’av. We celebrate the
accomplishments of Medinat Yisrael on Yom Haatzmaut and mourn what we
lack on Tisha B’av.
Conclusion
It is difficult to arrive at a definitive conclusion whether one should
recite Hallel with a Beracha on Yom Haatzmaut. Hence, most of those who
recite Hallel on Yom Haatzmaut omit the Beracha. The practice of
reciting Hallel without a Beracha upon a miracle is mentioned in the
Meiri’s commentary to Pesachim 117a. Moreover, the practice
of reciting Hallel without a Beracha is familiar to Sephardic Jews who
follow the opinion of the Rambam (Hilchot Chanukah 3:7) to recite
Hallel without a Beracha on Rosh Chodesh and the last six days of
Pesach. Far from being a “cop-out,” the approach of
reciting Hallel without a Beracha is an expression of a sophisticated
recognition of both the positive and negative aspects of Medinat
Yisrael. We are full of joy that Medinat Yisrael exists, but we are
pained by its shortcomings.
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