The distinction between the participants in the crime and the spectators is presented in the Sugya in Masechet Makot 6a according to Rashi's interpretation. This very same distinction underlies the sugya of Palginan Dibura in Sanhedrin 9b according to the Raavad. Thus the principle that one disqualified witness voids the entire group of eidim only applies to "Mekaymei Davar", i.e. those who saw the crime, not to those who are "Osei Davar", i.e. the criminal and the victim.
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